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This page lists the newest additions to the Training and Development Library by day. You'll find new material on all aspects related to the improvement of training and development effectiveness.
Training and Development Free Resource Library : What's New
17 New Links:
Groupthink
By John E. Tropman - The term "groupthink" was coined by psychologist Irving Janis to explain some alarmingly bad decisions (and bad outcomes) made by governments and businesses, which he called "fiascoes." He was particularly drawn to situations where group pressure seemed to result in a fundamental failure to think. In Groupthink, Janis defined groupthink as: "a quick and easy way to refer to a mode of thinking people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when the members' striving for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. Groupthink refers to a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in-group pressures." new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 255 )Working memory - Overview
By na - Working memory is the ability to actively hold information in the mind needed to do complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension and learning. Working memory tasks are those that require the goal orientated active monitoring or manipulation of information or behaviors in the face of interfering processes and distractions. The cognitive processes involved include the executive and attention control of short-term memory which provide for the interim integration, processing, disposal, and retrieval of information. Working memory is a theoretical concept central both to cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Theories exist both regarding the theoretical structure of working memory and the role of specific parts of the brain involved in working memory. Research identifies the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, and parts of the basal ganglia as crucial. The neural basis of working memory has been derived from lesion experiments in animals and functional imaging upon humans. A study at the University of Stirling found that people with good working memorys tend to be happy and more successful in their lives. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 199 )Cogmed Working Memory Training | About Working Memory
By na - Working memory is the cognitive function responsible for keeping information online, manipulating it, and using it in your thinking. It is the way that you delegate the things you encounter to the parts of our brain that can take action. In this way, working memory is necessary for staying focused on a task, blocking out distractions, and keeping you updated and aware about what’s going on around you. We use our working memory constantly in daily life helping us to perform efficiently and effectively in academic, professional, and social settings. Cogmed exists to help you improve your working memory to be better equipped to meet your challenges. The guide below provides examples of how the working memory works and how a working memory deficit disrupts daily life at various age levels. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 177 )A Computational Theory of Working Memory
By Michael Byrne - One of the key factors in understanding what interfaces will be easy to use is the limited capacity of the human information-processing system. This work outlines a theory of human working memory which is instantiated as a computational system called SPAN. Working memory and the related construct of short-term memory have a long history in psychology, and in the last decade have been used to explain differences in performance on a wide variety of tasks both at the individual level and between different age groups. The production system SPAN was constructed as an attempt to address working memory issues based on several well-established mechanisms such as decay, interference, and processing speed. One property unique to SPAN is its ability to model the use of external memory. It is this last property, combined with SPAN's explicit acknowledgment of individual differences, which gives it a great deal of promise in applications to HCI domains--particularly in the prediction of errors. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 205 )Human working memory is based on dynamic interaction networks in the brain
By Science Daily - A research project of the Neuroscience Center of the University of Helsinki sheds light on the neuronal mechanisms sustaining memory traces of visual stimuli in the human brain. The results show that the maintenance of working memory is associated with synchronisation of neurons, which facilitates communication between different parts of the brain. On the basis of interaction between the brain areas, it was even possible to predict the subject's individual working memory capacity. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 257 )Working Memory
By Purdue U. - Contemporary cognitive research, summarized in Salisbury (1990), has stressed the critical importance of the working memory. Working memory is critically important in language development (Gathercole & Baddeley, 1993) and in reading (Breznitz & Share, 1992); and failures in working memory are often responsible for learning disabilities (Hulme & Mackenzie, 1992). Human beings do all their active thinking and problem solving in working memory. The quality of the input into working memory and of the operations that go on there determine the quality of learning and problem solving. There are three critical phases in the effective use of working memory: (1) getting information correctly into this short-term area, (2) handling the information appropriately while it is there, (3) moving information correctly from working memory to long-term storage, and using the information in working memory to generate some kind of output. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 218 )Long-Term Memory
By Purdue U. - A major goal of education is to help learners store information in long-term memory and to use that information on later occasions in order to effectively solve problems. There are actually three different types (or aspects or parts) of long-term memory. Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall personal experiences from our past. When we recount events that happened during our childhood, a ballet we saw last week, or what we ate for breakfast, we are employing our long-term episodic memory. As its name suggests, this aspect of memory organizes information around episodes in our lives. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 564 )Forgetting
By Purdue U. - The most frequent reason for forgetting information is difficulty in transferring it from working memory to long-term memory. In addition, we can forget because of an inability to recall information that is in long-term memory. This section will discuss specific explanation for forgetting. Fading occurs when we can no longer recall information from our memory because of disuse. In short-term memory, fading can occur very rapidly - in some cases after just a few seconds. When information fades from working memory, it disappears because the short-term space was needed for other incoming information. We can prevent this type of fading by continuing to focus attention on the information, by constantly rehearsing it, or by transferring it to long-term memory. Once information has been transferred to long-term memory, most theorists believe that it is stored there permanently. When information fades from long-term memory, what really fades is the link; that is, we cannot find a way to retrieve it - it's there, but we just can't find it. We can prevent this kind of fading by encoding the information as meaningfully as possible, by frequently retrieving it, by actively restoring it whenever we do retrieve it, and by using effective memory search strategies. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 672 )Working memory (Baddeley model)
By na - The Baddeley model of working memory was proposed as an alternative to the short-term model to take into account some of the limitations of that model. Its relies heavily on a computer analogy and is shown in the following diagram: new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 473 )Abruptly Forgotten: Working Memory Disappears in a Blink: Scientific American
By JR Minkel - When you go from bed to bathroom on a dark night, a quick flick of the lights will leave a lingering impression on your mind’s eye. For decades evidence suggested that such visual working memories—which, even in daylight, connect the dots to create a complete scene as the eyes dart around rapidly—fade gradually over the span of several seconds. But a clever new study reported in the journal Psychological Science finds that such memories actually stay sharp until they are suddenly lost new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 601 )Techniques of Organization Development
By Sarah Estlund - A bit basic and short: Organizational development is the strategic organization-wide effort to improve effectiveness in a company. Also referred to as a response to change and as organizational effectiveness, organizational development has been studied for more than a century and continues to be studied today. The basic principles of this concept involve teams, competition, communication and confidence new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 209 )Organizational Change and Development
By Carter MacNamara - Although a bit hard to navigate and find stuff since everything is on one page Carter MacNamara's page on organizational development and change is worth looking at as a starting point. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 223 )Session Guide: Organizational design and change
By FAO - This is a learning session guide on the topic of organizational design and change, useful for learning or on which to base your own course material new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 204 )Organizational Theory
By Stephen P. Borgatti - (may be a bit dated)The objective here is to understand why organizations have the structure that they do. By "structure" I mean things like degree and type of horizontal differentiation, vertical differentiation, mechanisms of coordination and control, formalization, and centralization of power. See handouts page for more information on organizational structure. According to Taylor, Fayol, Weber and other classical theorists, there is a single best way for organization to be structured. Yet organizations vary considerably on structural attributes. The objective of much research has been to understand what determines these variations. Is it random or systematic? Are some organizations simply less perfect than others, or are different designs better for different situations? new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 170 )Advances in Appreciative Inquiry as an Organization Development Intervention
By Gervase R. Bushe Ph.D. - Appreciative inquiry (Cooperrider & Srivastva, 1987), a theory of organizing and method for changing social systems, is one of the more significant innovations in action research in the past decade. Those who created action research in the 1950s were concerned with creating a research method that would lead to practical results as well as the development of new social theory. It was hoped that action research would be an important tool in social change. A key emphasis of action researchers has been on involving their "subjects" as co-researchers. Action research was and still is a cornerstone of organization development practice new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 200 )Organizational Development - Benefits
By Dave Mote - One of the better overviews and explanations of the history and traditions of OD. Start here: (from the article) OD differs from traditional organizational change techniques in that it typically embraces a more holistic approach that is aimed at transforming thought and behavior throughout an entity. Like many other organizational change techniques, the basic OD process consists of gathering data, planning changes, and then implementing and managing the changes. However, OD initiatives are usually distinguished by the use of "action research," change agents, and "interventions." new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 228 )Training and Development - duties, benefits, expenses
By Bradley T. Bernatek - Nice, in fact, excellent overview of training and development including a history, techniques, etc. new (Added: 1-Nov-2010 Hits: 383 )Pages Updated On: 21-Dec-2011 - 20:37:26
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